Physical chemistry

Physical chemistry for students of 6-year PharmD Program

Year of studies: 2nd PharmD Program
Teaching time: 30 hours

Course coordinator: prof. Franciszek Główka

 

Course content:

1. Introduction
2. Thermodynamics

2.1. The first law

2.1.1. Work and heat
2.1.2. The internal energy
2.1.3. The constant volume heat capacity, Cv
2.1.4. Enthalpy
2.1.5. The enthalpy of reaction
2.1.6. The variation of enthalpy with temperature, Kirchhoff's law

2.2. The second law of thermodynamics
2.3. Absolute entropies and the third law of thermodynamics
2.4.Free energy

2.4.1.The reaction free energy
2.4.2.Definition and properties of equilibrium constant
2.4.3.The variation of ΔG with composition
2.4.4.The response of equilibrium to the conditions
2.4.4.1.The effect of temperature
2.4.4.2.The effect of pressure
2.4.5. The chemical potentials
2.4.5.1. The chemical potentials of gases
2.4.5.2. Ideal solutions

3. Chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics

3.1. Chemical kinetics

3.1.1. The rate of reaction
3.1.2. Apparent zero-order kinetics
3.1.3. First-order kinetics
3.1.4. Second-order kinetics
3.1.5. The temperature dependence of the reaction rates

3.2. Elements of pharmacokinetics

3.2.1. Compartment definition and models
3.2.2. Apparent volume of distribution
3.2.3. Pharmacokinetics of single dose administration
3.2.3.1. Open one-compartment body model
3.2.3.1.1. Rapid single dose intravascular administration
3.2.3.1.1.1. Drug concentration in blood as a function of time
3.2.3.1.1.2. Area under the blood level-time curve (AUC)
3.2.3.1.1.3. Elimination rate constants
3.2.3.1.1.4. Amount of drug excreted as a function of time
3.2.3.1.2. Extravascular single dose administration
3.2.3.1.2.1. Drug concentration absorbed into the systemic circulation and eliminated from blood as a function of time
3.2.3.1.2.2. Amount of drug excreted in urine as a function of time

3.3. Michaelis-Menten mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reaction

4. Electronic transition and photochemistry

4.1. Ultraviolet and visible spectra

4.1.1. Derivation of the Lambert and Beer-Lambert laws
4.1.2. Specific types of transitions
4.1.3.Vision
4.1.4.Optical rotation

4.2. Radiative and non-radiative decay

4.2.1. Fluorescence
4.2.2. Phosphorescence
4.2.3. Lasers

4.3. Photochemistry

4.3.1.Quantum yield

5. Rotational spectroscopy

5.1. Rotational Raman spectra
5.2. Vibrational Raman spectra

6. Vibrational spectra

7. Magnetic resonance

7.1. Principles of magnetic resonance
7.2..Electrons and nuclei in magnetic fields
7.3. The information in NMR spectra

7.3.1. The chemical shift
7.3.2. The fine structure
7.3.3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

7.4. The information in EPR spectra

7.4.1. The g-value
7.4.2. Hyperfine structure

Two multiple choice partial lecture tests:
1. Thermodynamics
2. Kinetics and pharmacokinetics

References:

1. Atkins P., Julio de Paula: Elements of Physical Chemistry. 6th Ed., Oxford University Press Inc., Oxford 2013.
2. Martin A.: Physical Pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, London 1993.
3. Sinko P. J.: Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Tokyo 2009